Group+5

Siti Nurhanisah Nur Huda Noor Faizah

__What is menstruation?__
 * Question 1:**
 * Menstruation is the monthly discharge of blood from the uterine lining via the vagina .**

__State the hormones involved in menstruation and where they are produced. You can present your answer in any appropriate manner you seem fit.__
 * Question 2:**

> Produced by: Pituitary Gland & into the bloodstream.** > Produced by: Pituitary Gland** > Produced by: Follicles in the Ovaries & Corpus Luteum** > Produced by: Corpus Lutem**
 * **__Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)__
 * **__Luteinising Hormone__
 * **__Oestrogen__
 * **__Progesterone__

Question 3: __Explain the stages on the menstrual cycle. Include the timeline and hormones involves where necessary. Explain each stage in detail. You can present your answer in any appropriate manner you seem fit.__

**Day 1 - Day 5 (Start of menstrual cycle & flow) - pituitary gland releases FSH - FSH stimulates primary follicle to Graaffian Follicle - Ovaries is stimulated to release oestrogen

Day 6 - Day 13 (Follicle Stage) - Oestrogen stimulates repair & growth of uterine lining - Release of LH - LH then halts FSH production to prevent excess maturation of follicles

Day 11 - Day 17 (Fertile Period & Ovulation) - LH causes ovulation & corpus luteum is produced - progesterone & some oestrogen is secreted by the corpus lutem to mantain the thickness of the uterine lining. - it mantains the thickness & supply supple blood vessels to prepare it for a fertilised egg.

Day 17 - Day 28 - Progesterone production, FSH production & ovulation is stopped - Corpus Luteum is broken down if no fertilisation occurs - the menstrual cycle starts all over again.**


 * Assignment 1: **

1. __What is DNA?__ Deoxyribonucleic acid **
 * Molecule that carries genetic information and found in the nucleus of cells.

2. __How is DNA organized inside the cells?__ **-Each DNA consists of two parallel strands -The two strands are twisted around each other to form a double helix -A molecule of DNA is wrapped around proteins to form chromatin and tightly form chromosomes.**

3. __What is gene?__
 * It is a small segmentof DNA that contains information to make a single protein and each protein is responsible for determining a particular characteristic of an organism. **

4. __What is the basic unit of DNA and what is it made up of?__
 * The basic unit is called a nucleotide. It is made up of sugar called deoxyribose, a phosphate group and a nitrogen containing base. **

5. __State the rules of base pairing.__ -Cytosine pairs with Guanine. -A an T are complementary bases. -C and G are complementary bases **.
 * -Adenine pairs with Thymine

**Assignment 2:**

1. __Explain the process of transcription__. **-DNA unzips to expose the template DNA strand. -The template DNA must be copied into a RNA molecule called mRNA (messenger RNA). -The copying process is known as transcription.**

2. __Explain the process of translation__ **-After transcription, mRNA detaches itself from the DNA template and carries the message out (of the nucleus) into the cytoplasm. -It then reverts back into a double helix (structure) -A ribosome helps to convert the message in the mRNA into a protein molecule. -This process is known as translation.**
 * Assignment 1:**

1. Define genes A gene is a small segment of DNA which controls the formation of a single protein.

2. Define alleles Different forms of the same gene.

3. Define chromosomes Rod-like structure. Carries the infromation for making new animal or plant bodies.

4. Define homologous chromosomes Homologous chromosomes exist in pairs. One chromosome in the pair comes from the male and one from female parent. It is similar in shape and size. It have exactly the same order or sequence of gene loci. The alleles in those gene loci may not be the same.

5. Define heterozygous chromosome An organism is heterozygous for a trait if the alleles controlling the trait are different.

6. Define phenotype Phenotype refers to a trait which can be seen.

Attempt this questions in your respective group pages.

1. What is ecology? The study of organisms continually interacting with one another as well as with their surroundings.

2. What is a habitat? The place where an organism lives.

3. What is a population? A group of organisms of the same species living in a particular habitat makes up a population.

4. What is a community? All the populations of organisms living and interacting with one another in a particular habitat.

5. What is an ecosystem? Living organisms interacting with one another and with their abiotic environment.

6. What is biotic environment? An environment that comprises all the living organisms that an organism interacts with in its habitat.

7. Explain how organisms affect other orgnisms? The life of each organism depends on, and is influenced by, other organism about it. They rely on each other hence they are interdependent.

8. What is an ecological community? Different populations of plants and animals live together and ineract within the same environment.

9. What is abiotic environment? The climate and physical features of the surroundings; - Light intensity -Tempreture -Amount of water available -Oxygen content -Salinity (salt concentration) of soil or water -pH of soil or water

10. Explain how abiotic factors affect organisms. The physical features of the surroundings and the nature of the soil determine the types of plants found in a region. Hence the animals that live in the region are determined by the plants growing in that region. none        Save Preview Text Editor