ASS-es

What is menstruation? State the hormones involved in menstruation and where they are produced. You can present your answer in any appropriate manner you seem fit. > **Question 3:** > Explain the stages on the menstrual cycle. Include the timeline and hormones involves where necessary. Explain each stage in detail. You can present your answer in any appropriate manner you seem fit. > 1-5th day : 6-10th : 11-14th : **Fertile period** 17-28th : if there is no fertilization -Sayidah, Sindhu, Aisha __**
 * Question 1:**
 * A monthly discharge of blood or menses from the uterus via the vagina.
 * Question 2:**
 * Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH), produced by the pituitary gland.
 * Oestrogen, produced by the ovaries and the corpus leuteum.
 * Leuteinising Hormone, produced by the pituitary gland.
 * Progesterone, produced by the corpus leuteum.
 * menstrual flow
 * pituitary gland release Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
 * One follicle matures to become Graafian Follicle.
 * FSH stimulates at ovary to realease Oestrogen.
 * Oestrogen stimulates growth and repair of uterine linning.
 * When Oestrogen is high FSH is inhibted.
 * Release LH.
 * Leteinising Hormone (LH) causes ovulation on day 14th.
 * LH stimulates formation of corpus leuteum.
 * Corpus leuteum release Progestrone & Oestrogen.
 * Progestrone maintain thickness of uterine linning and inhibits ovulation.
 * Corpus leuteum breaks down.
 * __


 * Assignment 1: **

1. What is DNA?
 * Deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA) is a molecule that carries genetic information that are found in the nucleus of a cell.

2. How is DNA organized inside the cells? 3. What is gene? 4. What is the basic unit of DNA and what is it made up of? 5. State the rules of base pairing.
 * each DNA consist of two parallel strands which are twisted around each other to form a double helix.
 * a molecule DNA is wrapped around proteins to form a single chromatin thread which are tightly coiled into structures called chromosomes, inside the nucleus.
 * gene is a small segment of DNA that contains information (instruction) to make a single protein.
 * each protein is responsible for determining a particular characteristic of an organism
 * the basic unit of DNA is called a nucleotide.
 * made up of sugar called deoxyribose, phosphate group and a nitrogen containing base (adenine[A], cytosine[C], guanine[G], thymine[T], all joined together.
 * A always bond with T and G bonds with C. they are thus called complementary bases.

Assignment 2: 1. Explain the process of transcription. 2. Explain the process of translation.
 * first, the DNA will unzip to expose the template DNA strands.
 * the message of the gene on the template DNA must be copied into RNA molecule called messenger RNA(mRNA). this copying process is known as transcription.
 * transcription occurs in the nucleus.
 * transcription follows the base pairing rule
 * translation is the next step after transcription which the mRNA detached itself from DNA template and carries the message out of nucleus into the cytoplasm.
 * the DNA molecule willr evert back into its double helix structure.
 * a ribosme helps to convert(translate) the message in the mRNA into a protein molecule.
 * the process is then called translation.
 * __HERIDITY__**

Assignment 1:

1. Define genes -unit of inheritance -small segment of DNA in a chromosome where specific genetic information is stored.

2. Define alleles - different forms of the same genes -occupy the same relative position on a pair of hormologous chromosomes.

3. Define chromosomes -a rod-like structure visible in the nucleus during cell division -made up of DNA -carry many genes along its length

4. Define homologous chromosomes -exist in pairs, one chromosome in a pair comes from the male parent and another from the female parent -are similar in shape and size -have exactly the same order or sequence of gene loci.alles in those gene loci may not be the same 5. Define heterozygous chromosome -An individual chorosome who has different alleles for a particular trait.

6. Define phenotype

7. Define genotype - genetic makeupp of an organism which is the combination of genes in an organism.

__ECOLOGY__

1. What is ecology? - Is the study of interactions with one another as well as their surroundings.

2. What is a habitat? - A place where an organism lives in

3. What is a population? - A group of organism of the same species living in a particular habitat.

4. What is a community? - It is made up of different populations of organism and interacting with one another in a particular habitat.

5. What is an ecosystem? - Living organisms interacting with one another with their abiotic environment.

6. What is biotic environment? - Made up of living organisms that interacts with its habitat.

7. Explain how organisms affect other orgnisms? - The organisms in any habitats are never completely independent. - The life of each organism depends on other organism around it.

8. What is an ecological community? - Different population of plants and animals live together and interact within the same environment

9. What is abiotic environment?

10. Explain how abiotic factors affect organisms.